Gustaf Vilhelm "Gösta" Carlsson (2 February 1906 – 5 October 1992) was a Swedish cyclist. He competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics and won bronze medals in the individual and team road races.

Nationally Carlsson won three individual (100 km, 1926–28) and nine team road race titles (1925–32). In retirement he worked as an elementary school teacher.