Ottaviani is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Achille Ottaviani (1950–2023), Italian journalist and politician
• Alfonso Ottaviani (1937–2008), Italian modern pentathlete
• Alfredo Ottaviani (1890–1979), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal
• Angel Ottaviani (born 1940), Italian racing cyclist
• Ezio Ottaviani (1919–1986), Italian politician and teacher
• Flavia Ottaviani (born 1981), Italian ice dancer
• Giuseppe Ottaviani (athlete) (1916–2020), Italian centenarian and masters athlete
• Giuseppe Ottaviani (born 1978), Italian trance musician
• Jim Ottaviani, American writer
• Luciana Ottaviani (born 1967), real name of Italian actress Jessica Moore
• Nicola Ottaviani (born 1968), Italian politician and lawyer